The Kiribati (hereafter referred to as “Kiribati”) is a geographically dispersed and highly climate-vulnerable nation located in the central Pacific Ocean. The country consists of 33 low-lying coral atolls and the raised phosphate island of Banaba, spread across a vast ocean area.

These islands are grouped into three main island groups: the Gilbert Islands, the Phoenix Islands, and the Line Islands. This project is focused on three islands within the Gilbert Islands group.

More than half of the national population—approximately 55 percent—resides in South Tarawa, the capital, located on the atoll of Tarawa. Over recent decades, internal migration from the outer islands (Tungaru) to South Tarawa has increased significantly. This population concentration has placed growing pressure on infrastructure, public services, housing, water supply, sanitation, and the natural environment.

Given Kiribati’s vulnerability to climate change, rising sea levels, and environmental degradation, sustainable development planning and resilient infrastructure investment remain critical national priorities.